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Summary and Contribution

This study finds evidence of similarity between Mecca and Bekka.

Positive Feedback

clearly presented core pattern.

Major Issues

1. Superficial and incomplete interpretation. The discussion stays surface-level, restating the similarity without exploring mechanisms, boundary conditions, or alternative explanations. The central claim remains unsubstantiated.

2. Overly detailed descriptive passages. Lengthy procedural and background detail bury the key analytical points, inflating the text without adding scientific value.

Minor Issues

1. Broad analytical methods produce superficial conclusions; more targeted, fine-grained analysis would add depth.

2. Misalignment with relevant expertise causes imprecise terminology and missed connections to key debates.

3. Research design weaknesses (e.g., unclear temporal ordering, no control condition) weaken implied causal claims.

4. Overwriting — elaborate, wordy prose obscures the argument; plainer language would improve clarity.

5. Repetitiveness — central points and phrases are restated unnecessarily, making the text diffuse and padded.

Competing interests

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The author declares that they did not use generative AI to come up with new ideas for their review.