Arterial hypertension affects one in three adults worldwide, with a higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries, where the incidence reaches approximately 20% of the population. This condition is closely associated with risk factors such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. The objective of this research was to identify the main risk factors related to arterial hypertension, establish its link with metabolic syndrome and obesity, and analyze effective strategies for its detection and prevention, with special emphasis on the role of sodium chloride (NaCl) in its pathophysiology. A systematic review of updated scientific literature was conducted to obtain accurate, evidence-based information. The results revealed that the prevalence of hypertension in Colombia is 40.3% in urban areas and 34.9% in rural areas. Diagnosis is based on repeated blood pressure measurements, considering hypertension when values are equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg. One of the most relevant findings was the direct implication of excessive NaCl consumption in the development and worsening of arterial hypertension. Various studies indicate that a high intake of sodium chloride contributes to fluid retention and increased vascular resistance, factors that sustainably raise blood pressure. In this regard, reducing salt intake in the diet is positioned as an essential preventive strategy, along with proper weight management and the adoption of healthy habits such as regular physical activity. This study highlights the need to strengthen primary prevention measures focused on community education about the impact of NaCl on cardiovascular health, promoting sustainable changes in consumption patterns and lifestyle.