This paper proposes a new non-perturbative quantum gravity framework based on quantum topological structures. By introducing "quantum vortices" to characterize the topological order of the statistical average of microscopic particles and embedding them into AdS/CFT holographic duality, the formation of "black hole singularities" is prevented (similar to singularity resolution) without the need for renormalization. Theoretical derivations show that the gravitational potential generated by the quantum vortex field forms a repulsive barrier within the critical radius (), dynamically prohibiting matter from reaching the singularity () and completely avoiding curvature divergence. The constructed Huang's metric (a Schwarzschild metric with quantum gravity corrections) can predict the angular diameter of black hole shadows without free parameters, eliminating the need for post-observation fitting of Kerr black hole spin. Prediction calculations indicate that the theoretical shadow angular diameter of Sgr A* is 53.3 μas, which is highly consistent with the EHT measured value (51.8±2.3 μas); the theoretical shadow angular diameter of M87* is 46.2 μas, falling within the reasonable error range (1.4σ) of the EHT measured value (42±3 μas). This provides a potential solution to the long-standing "parameter degeneracy" flaw of the Kerr black hole model at the theoretical source. For the first time, this theory realizes the unified explanation of singularity resolution, information conservation, and black hole shadows by quantum gravity, offering the first observationally testable physical framework for exploring quantum gravitational effects (rather than purely mathematical theoretical constructions such as string theory or loop quantum gravity).