Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), an important legume in semiarid environments, often exhibits low yield, requiring strategies to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nutrient use efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of single and combined inoculation with Bradyrhizobium elkanii (strain BR 2003) and Azospirillum brasilense (strain Ab-V5) on nitrogen metabolism, nutrient uptake, plant growth, and residual soil fertility in P. lunatus. Four varieties were subjected to four treatments: control (nitrogen fertilization), single inoculation with B. elkanii or A. brasilense, and co-inoculation. All inoculation strategies significantly increased root nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and the accumulation of P, K, Ca, and Mg in plant tissues, demonstrating a robust symbiotic performance superior to mineral fertilization. The ‘Raio de Sol’ and ‘Manteiga’ varieties exhibited the most pronounced increases in growth and biomass. Additionally, inoculation improved post-cultivation soil indicators, including pH and available P and K in specific genotype-microbe combinations, and reduced electrical conductivity. These results support the use of microbial inoculation, either single or co-inoculation, as a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilization, enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nutrient-use efficiency in lima bean cultivation.