Background/Objectives: Traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord remain highly challenging to treat due to the complex biological processes involved and the limited regenerative capacity of neural tissues. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer new opportunities to address these limitations. This review aims to summarize current and emerging applications of nanotechnology for improving diagnosis, targeted therapy, and tissue regeneration in brain and spinal cord injuries. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of recent studies investigating the interaction of nanomaterials with neural cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Key areas of focus include nanoscale diagnostic markers, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems, nanostructured scaffolds, and combined strategies integrating gene therapy, neuro-protection, rehabilitation, and artificial intelligence. Results: Emerging evidence indi-cates that nanotechnology can enable real-time, minimally invasive detection of in-flammation, oxidative stress, and cellular damage. Targeted drug delivery using na-noparticles shows potential for enhanced therapeutic effects with fewer side effects, especially when combined with electrical stimulation to promote nerve regeneration. Additionally, nanostructured scaffolds can mimic the brain’s microenvironment, sup-porting the regrowth and reconnection of damaged neural tissue. Integrating AI tools may further help design personalized nanoparticle treatments. Conclusions: Nano-technology offers promising new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. By improving targeting, enhancing regeneration, and enabling personalized approaches, these innovations could accelerate recovery and provide hope for patients with acute or chronic neurological damage.