Introduction The development of a Theoretical Model is essential for the objective analysis and interpretation of the burden of osteoarthritis and its related inequities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Objective To develop a conceptual Theoretical Model that identifies and clarifies the variables underlying the socioeconomic burden of osteoarthritis and its inequities in access to the healthcare system in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods The Theoretical Model was developed using a methodology specific to the construction of theoretical frameworks. The conceptual map was created using CMap Tools software, and the theoretical narrative followed the Checklist for Theoretical Reporting in Epidemiological Studies. Results The proposed Theoretical Model identifies the following variables to explain the burden of osteoarthritis and the associated inequities in healthcare: patients’ employment status or income access, work productivity, absenteeism, medical leave, return to work, retirement, access to social security, access to specialized treatment services, gender, age, educational level, and cultural factors. Conclusion This article contributes as a guide for the development of future epidemiological research focused on osteoarthritis in Sub-Saharan Africa. A deeper understanding of these theoretical aspects will support more grounded approaches to research, preventive strategies, and public health decision-making.