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Write a short summary of the research’s main findings and how this work has moved the field forward.

Major issues

• The study relies on broad-spectrum antibiotic (Abx) treatment to modulate the microbiome, which limits causal attribution to specific metabolites. More targeted approaches (e.g., metabolite supplementation or rescue experiments) would strengthen mechanistic conclusions.

• Innate and adaptive immune responses are described independently, without a clear mechanistic link connecting endothelial activation to T cell responses. A more integrated analysis would improve the biological relevance of the findings.

• The metabolomic analysis is largely descriptive. While individual metabolites are discussed, the study lacks comparative or functional prioritization to identify the most influential metabolites driving disease outcomes.

Minor issues

• Figures (e.g., PCA and heatmap) would benefit from clearer labeling and more detailed legends to improve interpretability.

Competing interests

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The author declares that they did not use generative AI to come up with new ideas for their review.