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Does the introduction explain the objective of the research presented in the preprint?

Yes

The introduction of the preprint explicitly explains the objective of the research, stating that the aim of the paper is to theorize a global framework for implementing social business capitalism. This proposed framework is intended as a systemic response to the failures of Capitalism I, with a clear alignment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research context is established by noting the evolution of economics from Adam Smith’s foundational work, which provided the philosophical basis for capitalism, to the contemporary social business models championed by Mohammad Yunus, a shift that redefines economic value to encompass more than profit. This transition moves from Smith’s self-interest-driven moral philosophy to Yunus’s socially motivated market model, establishing Capitalism II as a form of market capitalism where enterprises are financially sustainable but dedicate profits to solving social and environmental problems rather than maximizing shareholder wealth.

Are the methods well-suited for this research?

Highly appropriate

The research methodology employed appears well suited to the stated objective, which is to theorize a global framework for implementing social business capitalism as a systemic response to the failures of Capitalism I. The approach draws on both primary sources and peer reviewed literature to situate social business within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This conceptual development is supported by extensive theoretical grounding, specifically detailing the paradigm shift from the self interest driven moral philosophy of Adam Smith (Capitalism I) to Mohammad Yunus’s socially motivated market model (Capitalism II).

Are the conclusions supported by the data?

Highly supported

The conclusions of the preprint, which assert that the evolution to Mohammad Yunus’s social business capitalism represents a profound paradigm shift and that the proposed Global Action Model (GAM) offers a viable roadmap, are primarily supported by referencing existing sources and specific case analyses rather than presenting original quantitative data. The article theorizes the transition to Capitalism II by integrating social business principles and draws on both primary sources and peer reviewed literature to situate the model within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework.

Are the data presentations, including visualizations, well-suited to represent the data?

Highly appropriate and clear

The preprint primarily relies on theoretical argumentation and the summation of existing case studies, therefore the presentations and visualizations reflect this conceptual focus rather than quantitative data analysis. The article includes two figures, Figure 1, illustrating the transition from Capitalism I to Capitalism II, and Figure 2, which outlines the structural layers of the proposed Social Business Global Action Model (SB GAM), both of which are suitable for representing the proposed conceptual framework and multi-level policy roadmap. Additionally, Table 1 provides a concise overview of nine social business models, detailing the specific social need addressed and listing the associated primary Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets and general Impact Indicators, such as "Reduced child malnutrition rates" or "Lower incidence of waterborne diseases". While the conclusions reference that empirical evidence suggests significant impacts on poverty reduction and education from these models, Table 1 serves to categorize the mechanisms and expected outcomes rather than displaying the specific numerical data or rigorous metrics that quantify those impacts, highlighting the paper’s theoretical nature.

How clearly do the authors discuss, explain, and interpret their findings and potential next steps for the research?

Very clearly

The authors clearly discuss and explain their theoretical findings, focusing on the proposed paradigm shift from profit-centric Capitalism I to socially motivated Capitalism II

Is the preprint likely to advance academic knowledge?

Highly likely

The preprint is likely to advance academic knowledge primarily by theorizing and proposing a structured, multi-level framework for social business capitalism, which represents a profound paradigm shift in economic thought. While the article does not present new empirical data, it makes several conceptual contributions to further academic discourse on economic systems and sustainable development. Specifically, the article: 1. Theorizes a Paradigm Shift: It uses Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolutions to frame the transition from Adam Smith’s profit-centric Capitalism I to Mohammad Yunus’s socially motivated Capitalism II as a fundamental shift from a single-variable utility model (profit) to a multi-variable one (profit plus social impact). This conceptualization of human nature recognizing both self-interest and selflessness as motivations contributes to the theoretical understanding of market systems. 2. Proposes a Global Action Model (GAM): The most significant contribution is the proposed Social Business Global Action Model (SB GAM), a multi-tiered framework designed to integrate social business principles into global, regional, national, and local economic systems. The GAM operationalizes Yunus’s vision by aligning market-based, non-dividend social enterprises with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) implementation strategies. The framework systematically suggests structural mechanisms, such as a UN Social Business Capitalism Council (UN-SBCC) and blended finance models, which provide a concrete policy roadmap for academic scrutiny and practical application. 3. Integrates Theoretical Frameworks: The paper explicitly utilizes diffusion of innovations theory (Rogers, 2003) to structure the adoption and scaling of social business models, linking conceptual models to established sociological theories. It also identifies specific future research directions, signaling areas where academic rigor is needed, particularly in longitudinal studies, comparative regional analyses, and the development of feasible non-financial impact measurement methodologies for low-resource settings.

Would it benefit from language editing?

No

Would you recommend this preprint to others?

Yes, it’s of high quality

Is it ready for attention from an editor, publisher or broader audience?

Yes, as it is

Competing interests

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The author declares that they did not use generative AI to come up with new ideas for their review.