Mitochondria perform diverse metabolic and signaling functions, yet how these activities are spatially organized within the mitochondrial network of cells remains poorly understood. Organelle contact sites are spatially restricted hubs that regulate mitochondrial metabolism, signaling, and dynamics, and are therefore well positioned to influence mitochondrial specialization. Investigation of contact site-associated mitochondrial populations has been hindered by a lack of methods to isolate these subpopulations. Here, we develop Organelle Contact-dependent Affinity Purification (ORCA), a workflow for the isolation and analysis of subpopulations of intact mitochondria and associated proteins defined by their organelle contacts. ORCA revealed distinct proteomes for mitochondria associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and the Golgi apparatus, demonstrating that organelle contacts define biochemically specialized mitochondrial populations. Focused analysis of Golgi-associated mitochondria showed enrichment of mitochondrial ribosomes and increased mitochondrial translation, revealing an unexpected role for Golgi-mitochondria contacts in regulating mitochondrial protein homeostasis. ORCA also identified the previously uncharacterized Golgi protein KIAA0930/GMO1 as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of oxidative phosphorylation at Golgi-mitochondria contacts. Together, our findings establish ORCA as a broadly applicable approach for investigating the spatial organization of intracellular organelles and reveal organelle contacts as key determinants of mitochondrial specialization.