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Diabetes is a widespread and growing global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Standardized treatment protocols have shown limitations in addressing the complex needs of individuals living with the condition, reinforcing the need for more tailored therapeutic approaches. In contrast, personalized medicine presents significant potential to improve diagnostic and treatment efficiency by considering patients' individual characteristics. To evaluate the applicability and impact of personalized medicine in diabetes management, a literature review was conducted using the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed electronic databases. Analysis of the selected studies revealed that patients treated with personalized strategies demonstrated better glycemic control, greater treatment adherence, and a lower incidence of complications. Moreover, studies indicate a reduction in long-term costs due to fewer hospitalizations and adverse events. Personalized medicine emerges as a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of the conventional approach in diabetes treatment. Despite implementation challenges such as costs, technological infrastructure, and professional training, the clinical and economic benefits suggest that this approach is likely to become increasingly consolidated in the coming years.