The bioartificial liver represents a significant advancement in biomedical engineering, offering a developing therapeutic alternative to extend the lives of patients suffering from acute liver diseases. This research provides a general overview of the liver’s structure and functions, along with a summary of significant liver diseases, which, in advanced stages, may require a liver assistance device as a last resort of treatment. The bioartificial liver temporarily supports the damaged organ while partially replicating its functions. Components such as the bioreactor and semipermeable membranes are also described. With the growing attention this device is receiving, the bioartificial liver is emerging as a frontier in modern medicine, where its advancement offers a second chance to patients lacking viable therapeutic alternatives. Its continued progress depends on the effective integration of technological innovation, biomedical knowledge, ethical analysis, and clinical validation.