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Introduction: Cedrela fissilis (Cedro Rosa), traditionally used in Brazilian folk medicine, has stood out for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In light of the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases and antimicrobial resistance, the ethnopharmacological use of this species may represent a promising therapeutic alternative. Objective: To evaluate, through a systematic review, the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and metabolic effects of Cedrela fissilis extract, with emphasis on its efficacy and safety in both experimental and human models. Methodology: The systematic review was conducted through searches in the PubMed database up to April 2025, using specific descriptors related to Cedrela fissilis and its biological effects. Experimental and clinical studies published in the last 10 years in Portuguese or English that analyzed the plant in isolation were included. Results: The included studies highlighted the therapeutic potential of Cedrela fissilis extract, especially in controlling inflammatory processes and infections. However, a lack of robust clinical trials with large sample sizes, standardized protocols, and detailed toxicological assessments was observed. These elements are essential to confirm the extract’s safety and efficacy in humans, pointing to the need for more rigorous future investigations.