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The richness of our somatosensory experience is reflected in the functional diversity of somatic sensory neurons. Single-cell sequencing (scRNA) of sensory neurons has revealed a molecular basis for such diversity^1–3. However, sensory neuron diversity has yet to be captured at the level of the proteome. Here, we combined electrophysiology with deep visual proteomics (DVP)⁴ to quantify over 6,000 proteins from phenotypically-defined sensory neurons and identified novel proteomic markers of sensory neuron subtypes. Comparative analysis revealed both concordance and meaningful divergence between transcriptomes and proteomes. We further show that up to 3,000 proteins can be quantified from one-fourth of a single neuron, demonstrating subset-specific protein signatures. In culture, nociceptive neurons can be acutely sensitized to mechanical stimuli by nerve growth factor (NGF) which normally drives inflammatory pain in vivo ⁵. Indeed, overnight exposure of peptidergic nociceptors to NGF and a protein kinase C (PKC) activator produced functional sensitization associated with proteome changes. Functional knockdown experiments identified the up-regulated B3GNT2 enzyme as a potential effector of nociceptor sensitization. In summary, we present a high-resolution proteomic resource linking molecular identity to function, enabling the discovery of novel mechanisms underlying somatic sensation and pain sensitization.