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A Review of Physical-Energy Approaches to Therapeutic Modulation: Electrical, Electromagnetic, Optical, Acoustic and Thermal Modalities Compared on Dose

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Zenodo
DOI
10.5281/zenodo.22827989

Version 1.7 (15 October 2026). Narrative review comparing five families of physical-energy therapy — electrical stimulation, pulsed electromagnetic fields, photobiomodulation, therapeutic ultrasound and controlled heating — on one axis: whether the quantity delivered to tissue is reported, as distinct from the device setting. It proposes a 13-item minimum reporting set applicable to any physical-energy modality and names three experiments the field has not yet performed. No efficacy claim is made for any modality. Preprint; not peer reviewed. Scientific gate: YELLOW. Submission status. The manuscript is not under review at any journal. It was submitted to IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (RBME-00307-2026), which returned a decision of rejection on 30 September 2026, stated as a priority decision; the manuscript was not sent for external review and no reviewer comments exist. Earlier versions of this record describing the paper as under review at that journal are superseded by this one. Changes since version 1.4. All three figures redrawn for legibility at print size; thermal contact area and perfusion added to Table 1 and to the reporting checklist; two published audits of TENS trial reporting added, which strengthens the documented reporting gap in electrical stimulation, the author's own modality family; the IEEE outcome recorded. No value, reference or conclusion is otherwise changed. Correction page. A correction notice dated 15 October 2026 is placed at the front of the PDF. The version banner and the declarations section state that the author has ten earlier journal articles on this device; seventeen are known, and H.K. Rohera is an author on all seventeen. The correction page lists all seventeen and supersedes that count. It changes no scientific content. Competing interests. H.K. Rohera is a director of Rohera Healthcare & Technology Pvt. Ltd., which makes an electrical stimulation device, and is the named inventor on the patent family that covers it. He has a financial interest in the subject. No device or product of the author is described or evaluated in the body of the review. The work was self-funded by the author and his companies; no external, grant or institutional funding was received, and no outside sponsor reviewed or verified the work.

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