Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression. Despite advances in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, treatment resistance and disease recurrence remain significant challenges to effective treatment. Recent evidence suggests that various therapeutic interventions elicit distinct cytokine response patterns within the tumor microenvironment, which critically influence treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. This mini-review synthesizes current knowledge on therapy-induced cytokine responses in TNBC since 2020, focusing on chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and radiation. We discuss how cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and chemokines, modulate the tumor immune landscape, contributing to both therapeutic resistance and antitumor immunity. Furthermore, we explore emerging precision medicine strategies leveraging cytokine profiling for patient stratification, treatment selection, and therapeutic combinations. Critical research gaps have been identified, including the need for standardized biomarker assays, the optimal timing of cytokine-targeted interventions, and the integration of liquid biopsy platforms. Understanding and manipulating therapy-induced cytokine networks holds promise for developing personalized treatment strategies that enhance response rates and improve survival outcomes in TNBC patients.