Background/Objectives: Syphilis is a significant public health issue with a rising incidence, particularly among the MSM population. As future healthcare professionals, medical science students play a crucial role in prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of MFNS students regarding syphilis and prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1 to 30, 2024 using a survey structured questionnaire. Results: The average age of participants was 22.22 years, with the majority being women (74.43%). Medical students demonstrated significantly higher knowledge levels about syphilis compared to students from other programs (36.99% vs. 8.03%; p<0.001). Attendance at education sessions on sexually transmitted infections was associated with better test results (p<0.001). Attendance at educational sessions on sexually transmitted infections was strongly associated with better test results (p<0.001), as well as with a higher likelihood of achieving a high number of correct answers (OR = 5.98, 95% CI 3.41–10.49; p<0.001). Most participants (69.10%) identified stigma as a barrier to seeking medical assistance. Conclusions: Medical students demonstrated better knowledge and attitudes toward syphilis prevention compared to their peers from other study programs. However, deficiencies were noted in practical skills and confidence in providing patient counseling. The results highlight the need for additional educational programs and practical training within the curriculum to enhance awareness and improve preventive measures.