Write a PREreview

RNA-mediated crop protection increasingly becomes a viable alternative to agrochemicals that threaten biodiversity and human health. Pathogen-derived double-stranded dsRNAs are processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can then induce silencing of target RNAs, e.g. viral genomes. However, with currently used dsRNAs, which largely consist of undefined regions of the target RNAs, silencing is often ineffective: processing generates siRNA pools that contain only a few functionally effective siRNAs (here called e siRNAs). Using a recently developed in vitro screen that reliably identifies e siRNAs from siRNA pools, we identified e siRNAs against Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), a devastating plant pathogen. Topical application of e siRNAs to plants resulted in highly effective protection against massive CMV infection. However, optimal protection was achieved with newly designed multivalent “effective dsRNAs” ( e dsRNAs), which contain the sequences of several e siRNAs and are preferentially processed into precisely these e siRNAs. The e siRNA components can attack one or more target RNAs at different sites, be active in different silencing complexes and provide cross-protection against different viral variants, important properties for combating rapidly mutating pathogens such as CMV. e siRNAs and e dsRNAs have thus been established as a new class of “RNA actives” that significantly increase the efficacy and specificity of RNA-mediated plant protection.